C and assembly development introduction and NAND Memory Layout: Difference between pages

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This tutorial describes how to set up an environment and use the Ndless SDK to write native Ndless-compatible programs for the TI-Nspire.
��==NAND Flash==


==Install dependencies==
NAND pages are 528-bytes long (512 + 16-bytes header) on TI-Nspire and 2112-bytes long (2048 + 64-bytes header) on TI-Nspire CX/CM.
===On Linux distros===
* '''Make sure your system has the following dependencies''': git, GCC (with c++ support), binutils, GMP (libgmp-dev), MPFR (libmpfr-dev), MPC (libmpc-dev), zlib, boost-program-options, wget. Install them with your system's package manager if not.


===On Mac OS X===
* pages 0000 to 001F (Nspire) or 0000 to 003F (CX/CM): written to /phoenix/manuf.dat at each boot
* TODO
** Offset 000-003: 3C B0 6E 79
* '''Make sure your system has the following dependencies''': git, GCC (with c++ support), binutils, GMP, MPFR, MPC, boost-program-options, zlib, wget. Install them with your system's package manager if not, for example brew.
** Offset 804-805: model ID (little-endian): 0C (Nspire CAS), 0D (Nspire Lab Cradle), 0E (Nspire), 0F (Nspire CX CAS), 10 (Nspire CX), 11 (Nspire CM CAS), 12 (Nspire CM)
** Offset 806-807: unknown - 00 00 or 10 00
** Offset 808-80F: optional default language (CX/CM), filled with FF if missing - ISO 639 supported language string padded with 00 (for exemple fr, en, ar, zh_CN for TI-Nspire CX-C or CM-C...)
** Offset 818-81B: signature - 91 5F 9E 4C (CX/CM)
** Offset 81C-81F: features (little-endian) - 0x05 (CM + CX Napoca), 0x85 (CX CR/HW-J+), 0x185 (CX CR4/HW-W+)
** Offset 820-823: default keypad - 4C 00 00 00 (CX/CM)
** Offset 824-825: lcd width - 40 01 (CX/CM)
** Offset 826-827: lcd height - F0 00 (CX/CM)
** Offset 228-229: lcd bpp - 10 00 (CX/CM)
** Offset 82A-82B: lcd color - 01 00 (CX/CM)
** Offset 82C-82F: offset diags - 00 00 32 00 (CX/CM)
** Offset 830-833: offset boot2 - 00 00 02 00 (CX/CM)
** Offset 834-837: offset boot data - 00 00 2C 00 (CX/CM)
** Offset 838-83B: offset file system - 00 00 40 00 (CX/CM)
** Offset 83C-83F: config clock - 02 10 56 00 (CX/CM)
** Offset 840-843: SDRAM config: 12 80 01 FC for 64MB (CX) or 11 80 01 FE for 32MB (CM)
*** Offset 840: SDRAM size in MB - keep 6 lowest bytes - size is 4*2^((value/8)+(value%8))
** Offset 844-847: lcd spi count - 02 00 00 00 (CX/CM)
** Offset 848-887: lcd spi data filled with 0xFF - 06 00 00 00 5C 00 00 00 30 00 00 00 04 00 00 00  (CX/CM)
** Offset 888-889: lcd light min - 1A 01 (CX/CM)
** Offset 88A-88B: lcd light max - CE 01 (CX/CM)
** Offset 88C-88D: lcd light default - 6A 01 (CX/CM)
** Offset 88E-88F: lcd light increment - 14 00 (CX/CM)
** Offset 890-893: 0C 01 A2 18 (CX/CM)
** Offset 894-923: display informations on the 12 elements of the splash screen (CX/CM): horizontal display offset + vertical display offset + width + height (2-bytes each) + data offset (4-bytes)
*** Offset 894-89F: Low Battery error icon [diplayed unknown]
*** Offset 8A0-8AB: Boot1 Recoverable Error icon [displayed 8th]
*** Offset 8AC-8B7: Send Diagnostics Software info icon [displayed 8th]
*** Offset 8B8-8C3: Boot2 Recoverable Error icon [displayed 8th]
*** Offset 8C4-8CF: Unrecoverable Error icon [displayed 8th]
*** Offset 8D0-8DB: Progress Bar Background [displayed 6th]
*** Offset 8DC-8E7: Progress Bar [displayed 7th]
*** Offset 8E8-8F3: permanent element #1 (background) [displayed 1st]
*** Offset 8F4-8FF: permanent element #2 (unused) [displayed 2nd]
*** Offset 900-90B: permanent element #3 (unused) [displayed 3th]
*** Offset 90C-917: permanent element #4 (unused) [displayed 4th]
*** Offset 918-923: permanent element #5 (unused) [displayed 5th]
** Offset 924-927: compressed splash screen data size
** Offset 928-92B: uncompressed splash screen data size (0x0000FA40 on CX EVT, 0x00029CD0 on all CX/CM)
** Offset 92C-92F: ? (0x00000756 on CX EVT, 0x000006D3 on all CX/CM)
** Offset 930-???: compressed splash screen data (same compression format as the boot2)
** Offset ???-???: TI-Certificate - fields present :
*** Production : 0x290 (0x100), 0x290 (0x100), 0x340 (0x1A4), 0x290 (0x100), 0x340 (0x115), 0x290 (0x100), 0xFFFF0 (0)
*** Development : 0x290 (0x100), 0x290 (0x100), 0x340 (0x1A4), 0x240 (0x80), 0x290 (0x100), 0x340 (0x115), 0x290 (0x100), 0xFFFF0 (0)
* pages 0020 to 0A7F (Nspire) or 0040 to 057F (CX/CM): boot2 image
* pages 0A80 to 0AFF (Nspire) or 0580 to 063F (CX/CM): "bootdata" (every time this is modified, the next available page is used; if all 128 pages are in use, then the whole area is erased first)
** Offset 00-03: Marker AA C6 8C 92
** Offset 04-07: Downgrade protection: minimum OS version allowed as a 4-bytes word (major-minor-lower1-lower2). Written during OS installation with the value found in the second field 8020 of the [[OS_upgrade_files#Structure OS upgrade file|OS upgrade file]]
** Offset 08-0F: Hold the press-to-test status (word, word, long word)
***Offset 08-09: press to test mode
****00 : none
****01 : 84+ mode (OS is going to prompt for a 84+ keypad if not installed on next reboot)
****02 : fully restricted (all listed features disabled) - LED flashes in green
****03 : partially restricted (no or some listed features disables) - LED flashes in orange
****04 : old mode not used any more, for OS 1.x/2.x - at that time there were only 2 features which could be disabled - meant that one feature had been selected but not botg - LED flashes in green+orange
****06 : for Netherlands/Europe (since OS 4.3) - no programming, and easily disabled through any USB transfer - LED flashes in orange
***0A-0B : clear PTT folders content on next reboot (1 during the 1st reboot after (re)enabling PTT - default 0)
***0C-0D : disabled features in PTT mode - default 0
****Mode 3 :
*****bit 0 : geometry
*****bit 1 : drag&move in graphs
*****bit 2 : vectors
*****bit 3 : isPrime()
*****bit 4 : diff eq
*****bit 5 : ineq graphing
*****bit 6 : 3D graphing
*****bit 7 : rel/coniq graphing
*****bit 8 : trig
*****both bits 9+10 : logbase()
*****both bits 11+12 : poly and simult solving
****Mode 2 : all 13 previous bits are 1
****Mode 6 : all 13 previous bits are 0
***0E-0F : unkown - default 0 - sometimes 0x8000 in PTT mode
** Offset 10-13: If nonzero, BOOT1 will attempt to run DIAGS by default; if zero, it will skip straight to BOOT2. (Either behavior can be overridden with the Esc+Menu+G key combination.)
** Offset 14-1A: TI-84 Plus emulator 0A1 certificate field
** Offset 1B-1E: TI-84 Plus emulator 041 certificate field
** Offset 1F-61: TI-84 Plus emulator 0A2 certificate field
** Offset 64-67: (OS 1.6+) Default LCD contrast (if not in range from 0x76 to 0x8A, assumed to be 0x80)
* pages 0B00 to 0F7F (Nspire) or 0640 to 079F (CX) or 0640 to 7BF (CM): diags software
* pages 0F80 to 0FFF (Nspire) or 0780 to 07FF (CX): diags test results
* pages from 1000 (Nspire) or 0800 (CX) or 07C0 (CM): factory images or filesystem


===On Windows===
===Factory images===
====Cygwin====
* MinGW and MSYS do not work correctly, so install Cygwin (32bit, x86).
* Install the following dependencies: php (5.6+), libboost-devel, libboost_program_options*, binutils, gcc-core, gcc-g++, git, mpfr, mpfr-devel, gmp, libgmp-devel, libmpc3, libmpc-devel, make, zlib-devel, wget
====Windows Subsystem for Linux====
* You can also use the Windows Subsystem for Linux. In this case, follow the instructions in the Linux section.


==Build and install toolchain and SDK==
At startup, boot2 checks the NAND flash for a pre-loaded factory image. The format is a 32-byte header followed by the .tnc/.tno file contents:
*'''Get the latest code from [https://github.com/ndless-nspire/Ndless GitHub]'''
git clone --recursive https://github.com/ndless-nspire/Ndless.git


* On Windows, fix the few symlinks, for instance zehn.h in the ndless-sdk/tools/genzehn folder, which has to be deleted then copied there from ndless-sdk/include (and if you intend to rebuild Ndless, utils.c from the resources folder into the different installers folders)
* Offset 00-13: String "***PRELOAD_IMAGE***"
* Offset 14-17: 55 F0 01 55
* Offset 18-1B: (unknown)
* Offset 1C-1F: Size of image (in big-endian)


* '''Run the SDK's ''build_toolchain.sh'' '''script that will download and build a complete ARM toolchain compatible with Ndless, and install it (edit the <tt>PREFIX</tt> variable at the beginning of the script to change the install location). You don't need to be root for this.
If boot2 finds this header, the user is prompted to press 'I' on the keypad. After that, the image is copied to RAM before creating the filesystem (The filesystem also starts at page 0x1000, so it cannot co-exist with a factory image), and is installed the same as if it had been received from the serial port.
cd ndless-sdk/toolchain/
./build_toolchain.sh
 
Running the script again will continue from the last successful step (not redownloading everything for instance). At the end of a successful build you should see <tt>Done!</tt>. Alternatively you can verify the build using <tt>echo $?</tt>. <tt>0</tt> indicates success.
* Now '''add the following folders to your PATH environment variable'''. On linux, <tt>~/.bash_profile</tt> should be a good place for this, just add something like this to it:
export PATH="[path_to_ndless]/ndless-sdk/toolchain/install/bin:[path_to_ndless]/ndless-sdk/bin:${PATH}"
* '''Build Ndless and the SDK''', in the top level of the repository, run:
make
 
===Verifying the installation===
*Open a console, and run:
$ nspire-gcc
If everything has been set up correctly you should see something similar to:
arm-none-eabi-gcc: fatal error: no input files
compilation terminated.
 
==2-minute tutorial==
As a convention for the next chapters, lines starting with <tt>$</tt> are commands you should type in a console. Other lines are the command's output.
===Your first build===
Ndless comes with sample programs in the ''samples/'' directory of the Ndless SDK. We will try to build the C Hello World.
Change the current directory of the console:
$ cd "<my_ndless_sdk_copy>/ndless-sdk/samples/helloworld-sdl"
Ndless programs are built with ''GNU Make'', which is run with the command <tt>make</tt>. So let's ''make'' the program:
$ make
nspire-gcc -Wall -W -marm -Os -c hello-sdl.c
mkdir -p .
nspire-ld hello-sdl.o -o ./helloworld-sdl.elf
genzehn --input ./helloworld-sdl.elf --output ./helloworld-sdl.tns --name "helloworld-sdl"
make-prg ./helloworld-sdl.tns ./helloworld-sdl.prg.tns
<tt>nspire-gcc</tt> is Ndless's wrapper for the GNU C Compiler ''GCC'', which compiles C and assembly source files to object files (here ''hello.o'').
 
<tt>nspire-ld</tt> is the wrapper for ''GCC'', which redirects gcc with the option "-fuse-ld=gold" to use another wrapper "arm-none-eabi-ld.gold" as linker. "arm-none-eabi-ld.gold" adds some necessary libraries to the final program.
 
<tt>genzehn</tt> converts the executable created by "nspire-ld" to a format, which ndless supports.
 
<tt>make-prg</tt> adds a simple loader on top so the executable works on older versions of ndless.
 
===Your first program===
If you want to create a program from scratch:
*Create a new directory for the program
*Type in a console:
cd "<your directory path>"
nspire-tools new <name>
:where <name> is your program name. This will create a Makefile to build ''<program>.tns''
*Create a new .c file and edit your program
*Run <tt>make</tt> to build it

Revision as of 14:41, 21 June 2019

��==NAND Flash==

NAND pages are 528-bytes long (512 + 16-bytes header) on TI-Nspire and 2112-bytes long (2048 + 64-bytes header) on TI-Nspire CX/CM.

  • pages 0000 to 001F (Nspire) or 0000 to 003F (CX/CM): written to /phoenix/manuf.dat at each boot
    • Offset 000-003: 3C B0 6E 79
    • Offset 804-805: model ID (little-endian): 0C (Nspire CAS), 0D (Nspire Lab Cradle), 0E (Nspire), 0F (Nspire CX CAS), 10 (Nspire CX), 11 (Nspire CM CAS), 12 (Nspire CM)
    • Offset 806-807: unknown - 00 00 or 10 00
    • Offset 808-80F: optional default language (CX/CM), filled with FF if missing - ISO 639 supported language string padded with 00 (for exemple fr, en, ar, zh_CN for TI-Nspire CX-C or CM-C...)
    • Offset 818-81B: signature - 91 5F 9E 4C (CX/CM)
    • Offset 81C-81F: features (little-endian) - 0x05 (CM + CX Napoca), 0x85 (CX CR/HW-J+), 0x185 (CX CR4/HW-W+)
    • Offset 820-823: default keypad - 4C 00 00 00 (CX/CM)
    • Offset 824-825: lcd width - 40 01 (CX/CM)
    • Offset 826-827: lcd height - F0 00 (CX/CM)
    • Offset 228-229: lcd bpp - 10 00 (CX/CM)
    • Offset 82A-82B: lcd color - 01 00 (CX/CM)
    • Offset 82C-82F: offset diags - 00 00 32 00 (CX/CM)
    • Offset 830-833: offset boot2 - 00 00 02 00 (CX/CM)
    • Offset 834-837: offset boot data - 00 00 2C 00 (CX/CM)
    • Offset 838-83B: offset file system - 00 00 40 00 (CX/CM)
    • Offset 83C-83F: config clock - 02 10 56 00 (CX/CM)
    • Offset 840-843: SDRAM config: 12 80 01 FC for 64MB (CX) or 11 80 01 FE for 32MB (CM)
      • Offset 840: SDRAM size in MB - keep 6 lowest bytes - size is 4*2^((value/8)+(value%8))
    • Offset 844-847: lcd spi count - 02 00 00 00 (CX/CM)
    • Offset 848-887: lcd spi data filled with 0xFF - 06 00 00 00 5C 00 00 00 30 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 (CX/CM)
    • Offset 888-889: lcd light min - 1A 01 (CX/CM)
    • Offset 88A-88B: lcd light max - CE 01 (CX/CM)
    • Offset 88C-88D: lcd light default - 6A 01 (CX/CM)
    • Offset 88E-88F: lcd light increment - 14 00 (CX/CM)
    • Offset 890-893: 0C 01 A2 18 (CX/CM)
    • Offset 894-923: display informations on the 12 elements of the splash screen (CX/CM): horizontal display offset + vertical display offset + width + height (2-bytes each) + data offset (4-bytes)
      • Offset 894-89F: Low Battery error icon [diplayed unknown]
      • Offset 8A0-8AB: Boot1 Recoverable Error icon [displayed 8th]
      • Offset 8AC-8B7: Send Diagnostics Software info icon [displayed 8th]
      • Offset 8B8-8C3: Boot2 Recoverable Error icon [displayed 8th]
      • Offset 8C4-8CF: Unrecoverable Error icon [displayed 8th]
      • Offset 8D0-8DB: Progress Bar Background [displayed 6th]
      • Offset 8DC-8E7: Progress Bar [displayed 7th]
      • Offset 8E8-8F3: permanent element #1 (background) [displayed 1st]
      • Offset 8F4-8FF: permanent element #2 (unused) [displayed 2nd]
      • Offset 900-90B: permanent element #3 (unused) [displayed 3th]
      • Offset 90C-917: permanent element #4 (unused) [displayed 4th]
      • Offset 918-923: permanent element #5 (unused) [displayed 5th]
    • Offset 924-927: compressed splash screen data size
    • Offset 928-92B: uncompressed splash screen data size (0x0000FA40 on CX EVT, 0x00029CD0 on all CX/CM)
    • Offset 92C-92F: ? (0x00000756 on CX EVT, 0x000006D3 on all CX/CM)
    • Offset 930-???: compressed splash screen data (same compression format as the boot2)
    • Offset ???-???: TI-Certificate - fields present :
      • Production : 0x290 (0x100), 0x290 (0x100), 0x340 (0x1A4), 0x290 (0x100), 0x340 (0x115), 0x290 (0x100), 0xFFFF0 (0)
      • Development : 0x290 (0x100), 0x290 (0x100), 0x340 (0x1A4), 0x240 (0x80), 0x290 (0x100), 0x340 (0x115), 0x290 (0x100), 0xFFFF0 (0)
  • pages 0020 to 0A7F (Nspire) or 0040 to 057F (CX/CM): boot2 image
  • pages 0A80 to 0AFF (Nspire) or 0580 to 063F (CX/CM): "bootdata" (every time this is modified, the next available page is used; if all 128 pages are in use, then the whole area is erased first)
    • Offset 00-03: Marker AA C6 8C 92
    • Offset 04-07: Downgrade protection: minimum OS version allowed as a 4-bytes word (major-minor-lower1-lower2). Written during OS installation with the value found in the second field 8020 of the OS upgrade file
    • Offset 08-0F: Hold the press-to-test status (word, word, long word)
      • Offset 08-09: press to test mode
        • 00 : none
        • 01 : 84+ mode (OS is going to prompt for a 84+ keypad if not installed on next reboot)
        • 02 : fully restricted (all listed features disabled) - LED flashes in green
        • 03 : partially restricted (no or some listed features disables) - LED flashes in orange
        • 04 : old mode not used any more, for OS 1.x/2.x - at that time there were only 2 features which could be disabled - meant that one feature had been selected but not botg - LED flashes in green+orange
        • 06 : for Netherlands/Europe (since OS 4.3) - no programming, and easily disabled through any USB transfer - LED flashes in orange
      • 0A-0B : clear PTT folders content on next reboot (1 during the 1st reboot after (re)enabling PTT - default 0)
      • 0C-0D : disabled features in PTT mode - default 0
        • Mode 3 :
          • bit 0 : geometry
          • bit 1 : drag&move in graphs
          • bit 2 : vectors
          • bit 3 : isPrime()
          • bit 4 : diff eq
          • bit 5 : ineq graphing
          • bit 6 : 3D graphing
          • bit 7 : rel/coniq graphing
          • bit 8 : trig
          • both bits 9+10 : logbase()
          • both bits 11+12 : poly and simult solving
        • Mode 2 : all 13 previous bits are 1
        • Mode 6 : all 13 previous bits are 0
      • 0E-0F : unkown - default 0 - sometimes 0x8000 in PTT mode
    • Offset 10-13: If nonzero, BOOT1 will attempt to run DIAGS by default; if zero, it will skip straight to BOOT2. (Either behavior can be overridden with the Esc+Menu+G key combination.)
    • Offset 14-1A: TI-84 Plus emulator 0A1 certificate field
    • Offset 1B-1E: TI-84 Plus emulator 041 certificate field
    • Offset 1F-61: TI-84 Plus emulator 0A2 certificate field
    • Offset 64-67: (OS 1.6+) Default LCD contrast (if not in range from 0x76 to 0x8A, assumed to be 0x80)
  • pages 0B00 to 0F7F (Nspire) or 0640 to 079F (CX) or 0640 to 7BF (CM): diags software
  • pages 0F80 to 0FFF (Nspire) or 0780 to 07FF (CX): diags test results
  • pages from 1000 (Nspire) or 0800 (CX) or 07C0 (CM): factory images or filesystem

Factory images

At startup, boot2 checks the NAND flash for a pre-loaded factory image. The format is a 32-byte header followed by the .tnc/.tno file contents:

  • Offset 00-13: String "***PRELOAD_IMAGE***"
  • Offset 14-17: 55 F0 01 55
  • Offset 18-1B: (unknown)
  • Offset 1C-1F: Size of image (in big-endian)

If boot2 finds this header, the user is prompted to press 'I' on the keypad. After that, the image is copied to RAM before creating the filesystem (The filesystem also starts at page 0x1000, so it cannot co-exist with a factory image), and is installed the same as if it had been received from the serial port.

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